Hong Kong began public consultation on a local National Security Law on Tuesday, more than three years after Beijing imposed a similar law that has all but wiped out dissent in the semi-autonomous city.
The new law could expand the government’s ability to prosecute residents for offenses like collaborating with foreign forces to influence legislation or “publish misleading statements,” and to close down civil society organizations. Some of its provisions threaten criminal prosecutions for acts committed anywhere in the world.
Hong Kong’s mini-constitution, the Basic Law, calls for the city to enact a national security law, but it’s been delayed for decades because of widespread public opposition based on fears it would erode civil liberties. In 2003, an attempt to pass a version of the law sparked street protests that drew half a million people, and the legislation was shelved.
But the city’s crackdown on political opposition likely clears the way for the bill to pass easily. Since 2020, many of the city’s leading pro-democracy activists have been arrested, silenced, or forced into exile. Dozens of civil society groups have been disbanded, and outspoken media outlets like Apple Daily and Stand News have been shut down.
The draft text will be written later based on input from public consultation, which will begin Tuesday and will end February 28. But the city released a 110-page document Tuesday outlining its plans for the legislation.
City leader John Lee called the legislation a “constitutional responsibility.”
“We shouldn’t wait any longer,” he said during a news conference. “The threats to national security, they are real. We have experienced all these threats. We have suffered from them badly.”
Both the Hong Kong and Beijing governments have hailed the previous National Security Law for restoring stability after the massive pro-democracy protests in 2019.
Lee said a local version is still necessary to keep Hong Kong safe against “potential sabotage” and “undercurrents that try to create troubles,” in particular lurking ideas about Hong Kong independence. Lee also said that some foreign agents may still be active in Hong Kong.
He said other countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Singapore, have similar laws to safeguard security and Hong Kong would draw from them.
Critics worry authorities will use a local national security law as another tool to crack down on dissidents, further eroding freedoms that were promised to the former British colony when it returned to Chinese rule in 1997.
The Beijing-imposed security law criminalized subversion, advocating secession, and collusion with foreign forces to intervene in the city’s affairs as well as terrorism, but did not cover all the offenses authorities wanted to target.
Eric Lai, a research fellow at the Georgetown Center for Asian Law, said that the one-month public consultation was shorter than the three months typical for important laws, saying it appeared to be “window dressing.”
Amnesty International’s China director, Sarah Brooks, said the proposed legislation could further entrench repression in the financial hub.
“This is potentially the most dangerous moment for human rights in Hong Kong since the introduction of the National Security Law in 2020,” she said.
Highlights of the package include a ban on “threatening national security by collaborating with external forces to interfere in the affairs of our country or the HKSAR [Hong Kong Special Administrative Region] through improper means.” The document also suggested that colluding with an “external force” to publish a misleading statement with the intent of endangering national security could be considered an espionage offence.
It also bans inciting public officials to abandon the Basic Law or their allegiance to Hong Kong and China, expanding an existing law that only covered members of the police and other security forces.
Lee promised that people could still criticize the Hong Kong government and express opinions, as long as they do not intend to endanger national security.
The government has already muzzled most dissent using existing laws. Hundreds of people have been arrested under the 2020 law.
Some 47 people were charged under it for participating in an unofficial primary election, and two were convicted during the same time under an older sedition law for clapping in court and insulting a judge during a trial.
Lee said that the law will not provide for suspects to be transferred to mainland China for trial, unlike the 2020 law.
Security chief Chris Tang said the legislation would cover the use of computers and electronic systems to endanger national security, as well as disclosing state secrets and espionage, treason, and sedition. The proposal includes an expanded definition of state secrets that covers the “economic and social development of Hong Kong,” as well as defense and diplomatic activities.
The leader of the city’s largest pro-democracy party called for clarification about how the law will define state secrets. Democratic Party Chairman Lo Kin-hei asked if journalists could be liable when reporting on inside information from the government in the public interest.
The proposal also seeks to revise and update several existing laws covering treason, theft of state secrets, and espionage. Parts of the proposed law are to be applied beyond Hong Kong’s borders.
The government suggested it may use the new law to cancel the passports of fugitives overseas, citing a similar U.S. law.
Such laws could affect the many activists who went into exile fearing arrest. The Hong Kong police have offered bounties of 1 million Hong Kong dollars ($128,000) on at least 13 activists abroad, including former lawmakers Nathan Law and Ted Hui, whom they accuse of colluding with external forces to impose sanctions on Hong Kong and China.
The new law could also make it harder for civil society groups to operate in Hong Kong. The city’s security chief would gain new powers to shut down such organizations in order to safeguard security.
Following the consultation period, the proposed legislation will be drafted as a bill that will be scrutinized by the Legislative Council. Once the proposed law reaches the legislature, lawmakers are expected to pass the domestic national security law without much opposition in the three readings, given a lack of opposition lawmakers following an overhaul of Hong Kong’s electoral system.
Lee did not give a timeline for enacting the law, other than that it should be done “as soon as possible.”
Under Hong Kong’s constitution, the city is required to enact laws “on its own” to prohibit seven types of acts: treason, secession, sedition, subversion against China’s central government, theft of state secrets, foreign political organizations conducting political activities in the city, and local political organizations establishing ties with foreign political groups.